![]() ![]() Since the act of creation in Tolkien’s universe, these antagonists have influenced interracial affairs of Middle-earth’s inhabitants and its geopolitical structure. By assuming the position of Luhmann’s observer figure, the dark lord exerts his authority, individually, as a ‘hidden’ Machiavellian political figure and, collectively, as a leviathan entity of evil. Tolkien’s dark lords also rely on obscurity to consolidate their power. Niklas Luhmann associates the role of the observer figure with the devil whose self-differentiation within God’s creation poses as exteriorization and therefore must be evil. exerting power over others from a kind of sideline or outer position. ![]() Both Melkor and Sauron tend to act as catalysts. Tolkien’s Satanic figure doesn’t stand in the limelight as a kind of anti-hero. In Tolkien’s The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings the main representations of evil are occupied by characters who are Tolkien’s mythopoetic equivalent of the Judeo-Christian figure of the devil/Satan, namely Melkor in the former work and Sauron in the latter. ![]()
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